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 ENGLISH-2 For Quiz 2:

1. MOODs

• What is Mood in English Grammar?

= Mood is a grammatical feature of verbs that indicates the speaker's attitude or the purpose of the sentence.

It allows us to express facts, commands, wishes, possibilities, or hypothetical situations.

• For example:

• Statement: She is reading a book.

• Command: Read the book!

• Wish: I wish she were here.

Kinds of Mood in English Grammar

Mainly there are three kinds of mood in English grammar.

• Indicative Mood

• Imperative Mood

• Subjunctive Mood

• TYPES of MOODS 

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2.   MODALS

• Modal verbs are a special kind of helping verbs.
• A Modal verd help the main verb to express the mood of the subject and at the same time , it can indicate possibility , persuasion , ability , willingness etc.

When are English modal verbs used?

Modal verbs are used to show the following conditions: likelihood, possibility, ability, permission, request, suggestion/advice, command, obligation/necessity, and habit.

Likelihood

Some things seem likely to be true but can’t be stated as definite facts. In these cases, you can use the modal verbs should and must to show probability without certainty.

My baby brother should be asleep by now.

Her parents must be so proud.

Possibility

In a situation when something is possible but not certain, use the modal verb could, may, or might.

This plan could work if everyone cooperates.

She may become the youngest pro soccer player ever.

Judging by the clouds, it might rain today.

Ability

The modal verb can expresses whether the subject of a sentence is able to do something. Likewise, the negative form, cannot or can’t, shows that the subject is unable to do something.

She can speak three languages, but none of them well.

You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.

Before his injury, he could run five miles every morning.

Permission

If you want to ask permission to do something, start your question with can, may, or could. Traditionally, may is considered a more formal and polite usage for permission; if you ask, “Can I go to the bathroom?” it could be misinterpreted as “Do I have the ability to go to the bathroom?” However, in modern informal usage, may and can are both perfectly acceptable options for describing possibility or permission.

Students, you may leave early today.

Could I play too?

Request

Similarly, if you want to ask someone else to do something, start your question with will, would, can, or could.

Would you get that box off the top shelf?

Will you turn that music down?

Suggestion or advice

What if you want to recommend a course of action but not command it? You can use the modal verb should if you’re giving suggestions or advice without ordering someone around.

You should try the lasagna.

That guy should wear less cologne.

Command

On the other hand, if you want to command someone, use the modal verbs must, have, or need. With the latter two, the main verb does not drop the word to from its infinitive form.

You must wash your hands before cooking.

You need to be here before 8:00.

Obligation or necessity

Modal verbs can express a necessary action, such as an obligation, duty, or requirement. Likewise, the negative forms express that an action is not necessary. Use the same modal verbs as with commands: must, have, and need.

We have to wait for our boss to arrive before we open.

You don’t need to come if you don’t want to.

Habit

To show an ongoing or habitual action—something the subject does regularly—you can use the modal verb would for the past tense and will for the present and future. The phrase used to is also acceptable when you’re talking about a habit in the past.

When I lived alone, I would fall asleep with music.

I will arrive early to every meeting and leave late.

How to use modal verbs (with examples)

Here’s how to use modal verbs in different tenses.

Simple present tense

For basic sentences in the simple present tense, remember these rules:

• Modal verbs come directly before the main verb except for in questions.

• With modal verbs, use the infinitive form of the main verb. With most but not all modal verbs, to is dropped from the infinitive.

So, if you want to brag about your ability to eat an entire pizza, you use the modal verb can before the infinitive form of eat without to—which is simply eat. The rest of the sentence continues as normal.

I can eat an entire pizza.

If you want to communicate that circumstances are requiring you to eat an entire pizza, you might use the modal verb have before the infinitive form of eat, retaining to:

I have to eat an entire pizza.

Modal verbs in questions

For yes/no questions, you still use the infinitive form of the main verb, but the order is a little different.

The formula for modal verbs in yes/no questions is: [modal verb] + [subject] + [main verb infinitive].

Can you eat an entire pizza?

Do you have to eat an entire pizza?

Note that in the second example above, because have is a verb that only sometimes functions as an auxiliary verb and at other times functions as a main verb, the question is formed with the auxiliary verb do at the beginning.

Modal verbs and time

Because modal verbs deal largely with general situations or hypotheticals that haven’t actually happened, all of the core ones can refer to present and future time, but only some of them can refer to past time. Most of the time, they do not change form to make different tenses.

However, all of them can be used with different conjugations of a sentence’s main verb to refer to present or future time in different ways, so let’s talk a little about verb tenses and modal verbs.

Present continuous and present perfect continuous

We already covered the simple present above, but you can also use modal verbs in the present continuous and present perfect continuous tenses.

Present continuous

After the modal verb, use the word be followed by the –ing form of the main verb.

The formula for modal verbs in the present continuous is: [modal verb] + be + [verb in –ing form].

I should be going.

Present perfect continuous

You can add a modal verb before a main verb in the present perfect continuous tense without changing much. However, note that the main verb always forms the present perfect continuous using have been, when appearing with a modal verb, never had been, even if the subject is third-person.

The formula for modal verbs in the present perfect continuous is: [modal verb] + have been + [main verb in –ing form].

She must have been sleeping.

Simple past and present perfect tenses

Using a modal verb in the simple past or the present perfect (which indicates an action that happened in the past but is directly related to the present) is a little trickier.

Only a few of the core modal verbs have the ability to refer to past time: could, might, should, and would. They do this by functioning at times as the past tense forms of their fellow modal verbs can, may, shall, and will. But keep in mind that, as we saw above, could, might, should, and would also have different senses in which they refer to the present and the future, indicating possibility, permission, request, habit, or other conditions.

None of the modal verbs can be used in the past perfect, the past continuous, or the past perfect continuous tense.

Simple past

Of the main modal verbs listed at the top, only can and will can be used in the simple past. The expressions have to and need to can also be used in the simple past when conjugated as had to and needed to. Other modal verbs use the present perfect to discuss events in the past.

Can and will use their past tense form plus the infinitive form of the main verb without to, just like in the present.

The formula for modal verbs in the simple past tense is: could/would + [main verb infinitive].

I could do a handstand when I was a kid.

During exam season in college, I would not sleep much.

Present perfect

To form the present perfect using the modal verbs could, might, should, or would, use the present perfect form of the main verb, which is have plus the past participle. As with the present perfect continuous, you always use have, even if the subject is third-person.

The formula for modal verbs in the present perfect tense is: could/might/should/would + have + [main verb past participle].

I might have gone to the party, but I forgot.

Future tenses

Because the simple future, future continuous, future perfect, and future perfect continuous tenses of main verbs are all already formed with the modal verb will, when you want to indicate likelihood, permission, or any of the other conditions discussed above in the future, it often makes sense to do it in some other way than by adding a modal verb.

They will be more likely to come over tomorrow if you give them plenty of warning.

However, there are also situations where a modal verb other than will can be used to discuss something in the future. In these cases, the new modal verb just replaces will in the sentence, and the main verb takes the same form it would with will.

I can hang out tomorrow.

Could I be majoring in law next year?

They should have left by the time we get there.

20 years from now, I may have traveled to more conferences than I care to recall.

Modal verbs FAQs

What are modal verbs?

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs like can, should, and must that express conditions such as possibility, ability, necessity, or permission.

How are modal verbs used in sentences?

Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive form of the main verb (without to) and remain consistent across subjects. (Examples: I can drive. She must leave.)

What conditions do modal verbs express?

Modal verbs show various conditions, including:

• Likelihood: Her parents must be so proud.
• Possibility: It might rain tomorrow.
• Ability: She can swim.
• Permission: Students, you may leave early today.
• Requests: Could you help me?
• Advice: You should try the lasagna.
• Command: You must wash your hands before cooking.
• Necessity: You must finish your homework.
• Habit: I will arrive early to every meeting and leave late.

Can modal verbs refer to past events?

Yes, modal verbs like could, might, should, and would can indicate past scenarios, often paired with the present perfect form of the main verb. (Example: I should have called earlier.)

What are some less common modal verbs?

Modal verbs like shall and ought and expressions like used to or need to are less frequently used but still convey specific conditions. (Example: You ought to apply for that job.)

3.

Question Tags

Question tags are short questions at the end of statements.

They are mainly used in speech when we want to:

• confirm that something is true or not, or
• to encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to.

Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the appropriate subject.

A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag.

• Jack is from Spain, isn't he?
• Mary can speak English, can't she?

A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.

• They aren't funny, are they?
• He shouldn't say things like that, should he?

When the verb in the main sentence is in the present simple we form the question tag with do / does.

• You play the guitar, don't you?
• Alison likes tennis, doesn't she?

If the verb is in the past simple we use did.

• They went to the cinema, didn't they?
• She studied in New Zealand, didn't she?

When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be positive

• He hardly ever speaks, does he?
• They rarely eat in restaurants, do they?

Exceptions

Some verbs / expressions have different question tags. For example:

I am - I am attractive, aren't I?

Positive imperative - Stop daydreaming, will / won't you?

Negative imperative - Don't stop singing, will you?

Let's - Let's go to the beach, shall we?

Have got (possession) - He has got a car, hasn't he?

There is / are - There aren't any spiders in the bedroom, are there?

This / that is - This is Paul's pen, isn't it?

Intonation

When we are sure of the answer and we are simply encouraging a response, the intonation in the question tag goes down:

• This is your car, isn't it?
  (Your voice goes down when you say isn't it.)

When we are not sure and want to check information, the intonation in the question tag goes up:

• He is from France, isn't he?
  (Your voice goes up when you say isn't he.)

If  VS whether

If and whether: indirect questions

We can use if or whether to report indirect yes-no questions and questions with or. If is more common than whether:

Call the bakeries around town and find out if any of them sell raspberry pies.

I rang Peter from the station and asked if I could drop in to see him before going back or if he’d meet me.

We often prefer whether in more formal contexts:

The teachers will be asked whether they would recommend the book to their classes.

[from a business meeting]

John read a letter that he’d written and the board discussed whether it should be mailed.

We prefer whether with or when there is more than one alternative in the indirect question:

After the election, we asked whether the parties should change their leaders, their policies, or both.

To express an alternative, we can use or not with if and whether. With whether we can use or not immediately after whether or in end position. With if we use or not in end position only:

I called Bill to find out whether or not he really did go to Afghanistan.

I called Bill to find out whether he really did go to Afghanistan or not.

I called Bill to find out if he really did go to Afghanistan or not.

We use whether and not if before a to-infinitive, often when we’re referring to future plans or decisions:

I was wondering whether to go for a swim.

Some financial decisions, such as planning a pension, need to be taken as early as possible. Others, such as whether to move house, can probably only be made much later.

Whether not if

We use whether and not if after prepositions:

Later I argued with the doctor about whether I had hit my head, since I couldn’t remember feeling it.

Not: Later I argued with the doctor about if I had hit my head …

The police seemed mainly interested in whether there were any locks on the windows.

Not: The police seemed mainly interested in if there were any locks …

I doubt if, I don’t know whether

We use if or whether to introduce clauses after verbs of doubting:

I don’t know if I can drive. My foot really hurts.

I didn’t prune the rose bush this year so I doubt if we’re going to have many flowers. (‘prune’ means cut back)

We’ll have plenty of photographs to show you but I’m not sure whether we’ll be able to learn very much from them.

See also:

• If

• If: reporting questions

If, whether: typical errors

• We use whether, not if, before to-infinitives:

I don’t know whether to buy the blue one or the red one.

Not: I don’t know if to buy the blue one …

• We use whether, not if, directly before or not:

Can you tell me whether or not you’re interested in the job.

Not: Can you tell me if or not you’re interested …

• We use whether, not if, after prepositions:

[talking about a trip to Australia for a year]

We’re not interested in whether we get great jobs and that kind of thing, we just want to have a good time.

Not: We’re not interested in if we get great jobs and that kind of thing …

PREDICATE 

The predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence, the other being the subject. It tells us what the subject does or is and always contains a verb.

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1. Definition of Predicate

A predicate is the part of a sentence that provides information about the subject, including actions, states, or descriptions.

📌 Example:

• She sings beautifully. → ("She" is the subject, "sings beautifully" is the predicate.)
• The cat is sleeping on the mat. → ("The cat" is the subject, "is sleeping on the mat" is the predicate.)

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2. Types of Predicates

a) Simple Predicate

👉 The simple predicate is just the main verb or verb phrase in the sentence.

📌 Example:

• He runs every morning.
• She has been studying all day.

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b) Complete Predicate

👉 The complete predicate includes the main verb and all the words that describe the action or complete the meaning.

📌 Example:

• The dog barked loudly at the stranger.
• We will travel to Paris next summer.

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c) Compound Predicate

👉 A compound predicate consists of two or more verbs that share the same subject.

📌 Example:

• She cooked dinner and washed the dishes.
• They played football and watched a movie

Types of Adjectives by Nature

Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns and pronouns. Based on their nature, adjectives can be classified into the following types:

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1. Descriptive (Qualitative) Adjectives

👉 These adjectives describe the quality, nature, or characteristic of a noun.

📌 Examples:

• A beautiful sunset
• A brave soldier
• A cold drink

🔹 Types of Descriptive Adjectives:

• Appearance: beautiful, ugly, handsome
• Size: big, small, tiny
• Shape: round, square, oval
• Color: red, blue, green
• Condition: dirty, clean, fresh

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2. Proper Adjectives

👉 These adjectives are derived from proper nouns and always start with a capital letter.

📌 Examples:

• French cuisine
• Shakespearean drama
• Indian culture

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3. Quantitative Adjectives

👉 These adjectives indicate the quantity or amount of something.

📌 Examples:

• I have some money.
• She drank half the juice.
• There are several apples.

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4. Numeral Adjectives

👉 These adjectives express numbers or order.

🔹 Types of Numeral Adjectives:

• Cardinal Numbers (show quantity): one, two, five
• Ordinal Numbers (show order): first, second, tenth
• Multiplicative Numbers (show multiplication): single, double, triple

📌 Examples:

• He won the first prize.
• She has two cats.
• I need a double espresso.

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5. Demonstrative Adjectives

👉 These adjectives point out specific nouns.

📌 Examples:

• This book is interesting.
• That house is big.
• These flowers are beautiful.

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6. Possessive Adjectives

👉 These adjectives show ownership or possession.

📌 Examples:

• My bag is new.
• Her dress is lovely.
• Their house is huge.

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7. Interrogative Adjectives

👉 These adjectives are used in questions.

📌 Examples:

• Which movie do you like?
• What time is it?
• Whose book is this?

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8. Distributive Adjectives

👉 These adjectives refer to individual things in a group.

📌 Examples:

• Each student must submit the homework.
• Every child needs care.
• Neither answer is correct.

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9. Emphasizing Adjectives

👉 These adjectives emphasize a noun.

📌 Examples:

• I saw it with my own eyes.
• This is the very place we met.

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10. Exclamatory Adjectives

👉 These adjectives express strong feelings or emotions.

📌 Examples:

• What a beautiful day!
• How amazing this is!

 Clauses 

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. It can function as a sentence on its own or as part of a larger sentence.

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1. Types of Clauses

Clauses are mainly divided into two categories:

A) Independent Clauses (Main Clauses)

👉 An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.

📌 Examples:

• She loves ice cream.
• The sun is shining brightly.
• I will call you later.

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B) Dependent Clauses (Subordinate Clauses)

👉 A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It needs an independent clause to make sense.

📌 Examples:

• Because she was tired, she went to bed early.
• Although it was raining, they continued playing.
• If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

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2. Types of Dependent Clauses

A) Noun Clause

👉 A noun clause acts as a noun in a sentence. It can be a subject, object, or complement.

📌 Examples:

• What she said was surprising. (Subject)
• I don’t know where he went. (Object)
• The problem is that we are late. (Complement)

✅ Common words used in noun clauses:
that, what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, where, when, why, how

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B) Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

👉 An adjective clause (or relative clause) acts as an adjective and describes a noun. It usually starts with who, whom, whose, which, or that.

📌 Examples:

• The boy who won the race is my friend.
• The book that I borrowed was interesting.
• The place where they met was beautiful.

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C) Adverb Clause

👉 An adverb clause functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It answers how, when, where, why, or under what condition something happens.

📌 Examples:

• Because it was cold, we stayed inside. (Reason)
• She ran as fast as she could. (Manner)
• I will call you before I leave. (Time)

✅ Common subordinating conjunctions for adverb clauses:
because, since, although, if, when, while, before, after, unless, though

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3. Special Types of Clauses

A) Conditional Clauses

👉 These clauses express conditions and usually start with if or unless.

📌 Examples:

• If you work hard, you will succeed.
• Unless you apologize, she won’t forgive you.

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B) Relative Clauses

👉 These are a type of adjective clause that provide more information about a noun.

📌 Examples:

• The car that I bought is expensive.
• The teacher who helped me was kind.

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C) Comparative Clauses

👉 These clauses compare two things.

📌 Examples:

• She is taller than I expected.
• He speaks as if he were a native speaker.

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4. Difference Between a Clause and a Phrase👉

Feature	Clause	Phrase
Contains a verb?	✅ Yes	❌ No
Can be a full sentence?	✅ Sometimes	❌ No
Example	She left because she was tired.	Because of her tiredness.

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5. Identifying Clauses in Sentences

Step 1: Find the subject and verb.
Step 2: Check if it expresses a complete thought.

• If yes → Independent Clause
• If no → Dependent Clause

📌 Example Sentence:
"When the movie ended, we went home."

• Independent Clause: We went home.
• Dependent Clause: When the movie ended
  
  
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